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HymnSite.com's 'How to.' For those questions that take much more than a simple answer, I am starting to assemble some 'How to' pages. The first set of pages is to help you use a midi sequencer to edit HymnSite.com's midi files for your needs. What else will there be? That depends on the questions I receive. I'm waiting to find out, too.
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Ted's Linux MIDI Guide Ted's Linux MIDI GuideBy July 2018 IntroductionLinux is a great OS for MIDI. The problem is that you've got to understand a lot about Linux to get started. This guide is intended to help ease the transition. This document has been tested with Ubuntu 18.04.This is a very command-line-intensive tutorial. The reason for this is that it reduces the amount of software that is running which has two advantages: performance and reliability. The GUI can introduce new bugs, so it's more reliable to work with the command line tools.
We will get to the GUI stuff near the end.If you would prefer a faster, more GUI approach, start with the ' sections, then jump to the and sections, then go back to the section and read to the end. This should get you going quickly.
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It's still a good idea to read the whole thing as there are many helpful troubleshooting tips sprinkled throughout.Before we get started, we need to take care of two things:.The next three sections cover these topics.Audio applications are time-critical, so they need a preemptible (low latency) kernel with a 1000Hz timer frequency.To check whether you are running a low latency kernel, use uname:$ uname -aLinux ted-laptop 3.19.0-18-lowlatency #18-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT Tue May 19 19:02:50 UTC 2015 x8664 x8664 x8664 GNU/LinuxThe important thing to notice is not 'lowlatency', but 'PREEMPT'. That means that I've got a preemptible kernel loaded.
This means low latency.Next we want to make sure the timer is configured for 1000HZ. To do this, we use grep on the kernel config:$ grep ^CONFIGHZ /boot/config-`uname -r`CONFIGHZ1000=yCONFIGHZ=1000'CONFIGHZ1000=y' tells us that 1000Hz is enabled, and 'CONFIGHZ=1000' tells us the clock frequency is 1000Hz. So, we are ready.If you don't see PREEMPT or 1000Hz as above, you'll need to install a low latency kernel. In Debian-based distros:$ sudo apt-get install linux-lowlatency.and reboot. Other distros should provide something similar.See the section for more options.Audio software needs to run at a higher priority and with memory locked so that it doesn't swap out to the hard disk.
To give a user that power, we create an 'audio' group, give that group some special privileges, then add the user to that group.Note: Ubuntu/Debian can set up a properly configured audio group for you when you install jackd2. If you'd like, you can do this before continuing:$ sudo apt-get install jackd2Be sure to say 'yes' when it asks if you want to enable realtime process priority:After jackd2 is installed, you can skip to 'Add Users To 'audio' Group' below. Create An 'audio' GroupFirst, let's check to see if your system already has an audio group:$ grep audio /etc/groupaudio:x:29:pulseIf you see an 'audio' line like the one above, then you've already got an audio group and you can skip to Group Limits.If grep didn't find an audio group, add one with groupadd:$ sudo groupadd audioGroup LimitsThe limits for the audio group can usually be found in /etc/security/limits.d/audio.conf.
Check to see if that file exists on your system. If not, create one. You might need to create the limits.d directory. Use mkdir for that:$ sudo mkdir /etc/security/limits.dThen create the audio.conf file in there. I usually use nano:$ sudo nano /etc/security/limits.d/audio.confAnd add the following lines:@audio - rtprio 95@audio - memlock unlimited#@audio - nice -19The rtprio line gives the audio group the ability to elevate real-time priority to 95 (99 is the highest).
JACK needs to be able to do this to handle audio in real-time. The memlock line gives the ability to lock any amount of memory. Fluidsynth needs to be able to do this to keep the soundfont in memory while it is using it. Fluidsynth will issue error messages about not being able to 'pin' memory if this isn't working.The commented out 'nice' line would give the ability to raise nice priority to -19 (-20 is the highest). Since it is commented out (#), it does nothing. I've just provided it for reference.For more info, see the.
Add Users To 'audio' GroupEven if all of the above was already done for you by your distro, the chances are good that you'll still need to add yourself to the 'audio' group. You can check to see if you are already in the 'audio' group with the groups command:$ groupsted adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev lpadmin sambashareIn this case, we can see that I am not in the audio group yet, so I need to add myself with gpasswd:$ sudo gpasswd -a ted audioYou'll want to use your userid instead of 'ted' when you do this.This change will not take effect immediately.
You must logout then log back in again. (In Ubuntu 17.04, a reboot was required.) Use the 'groups' command to see if you were successfully added to the audio group.$ groupsted adm cdrom sudo audio dip plugdev lpadmin sambashareThe Fork in the RoadThe preliminaries are over. Your system should now be ready to do everything described in this document. You can feel free to jump around if you'd like. Skip to the section if you'd like to see the GUI approach.
If you are having trouble, come back here and go through this tutorial sequentially to find where the problem is.If you want a thorough understanding of Linux's support for MIDI, read on. ALSA, the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture, is the part of the Linux kernel that talks to your sound-related hardware, like sound cards and MIDI interfaces. It is made up of device drivers and other kernel modules that provide useful audio-related functions. Many distros already have all the ALSA-related parts of the kernel built-in, so all you have to do is plug in your hardware and use it.To uniquely identify each piece of audio hardware on a system, ALSA assigns them unique names. Usually, 'hw:0' is the name of your soundcard. The various audio programs assume that they will be working with hw:0, but they all provide ways to change this.You can run into trouble if your soundcard isn't where you think it should be.
So, we need to figure out what audio device names have been assigned to which devices. There are two ways to do this. First we can check /proc/asound/cards:$ cat /proc/asound/cards0 Interface : USB-Audio - USB Uno MIDI InterfaceM-Audio USB Uno MIDI Interface at usb-0000:00:1d.0-1.2, full speed1 LPK25 : USB-Audio - LPK25AKAI professional LLC LPK25 at usb-0000:00:1d.0-1.1, full speed2 Intel : HDA-Intel - HDA IntelHDA Intel at 0xd4400000 irq 45The numbers to the left indicate the card number. So in this case, number 2 is my soundcard.
This means hw:2 is the ALSA device name I need to use. But this doesn't tell the whole story. There may be multiple devices per card. Aplay gets us that information:$ aplay -l.
List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices.card 2: Intel HDA Intel, device 0: ALC270 Analog ALC270 AnalogSubdevices: 0/1Subdevice #0: subdevice #0card 2: Intel HDA Intel, device 3: HDMI 0 HDMI 0Subdevices: 1/1Subdevice #0: subdevice #0From this, we can see that I have two sound devices on my system. The first is card 2, device 0, or 'hw:2,0'. That is a standard sound device that is connected to my speakers and headphone jack. The second is card 2, device 3, or 'hw:2,3'.
That is the sound device that drives my HDMI port.Note that there is also a subdevice level. It appears that the general form is hw:card,device,subdevice. If you leave subdevice or device off, it assumes 0.System-wide ALSA device names and aliases (e.g. 'default' and 'pulse') can be found in the alsa.conf file (usually found in /usr/share/alsa) and in the files in the alsa.conf.d directory. See on the ALSA wiki. It describes how to create your own device names and aliases which can be very helpful with multiple soundcards.Hopefully 'hw:0' is all you need to know after looking at your device lists.
If not, then be sure to jot down the appropriate device name that you discovered, and use it where you see 'hw:0' for the rest of this tutorial. Testing ALSA AudioUse aplay to test ALSA audio.
Aplay is a simple audio player that can play WAV files. You can use sox to generate a WAV file and then play it with aplay:$ sox -b 16 -n test.wav rate 44100 channels 2 synth 1 sine 440 gain -1$ aplay -D hw:0 test.wavALSA Troubleshooting'Device or resource busy' - If you get a 'Device or resource busy' message, that means someone else (like pulseaudio) is using the soundcard. In that case '-D pulse' might work.
Channels count non available' - The one tricky thing about aplay is that the WAV file format must match the exact format that the device expects. If you get a 'Channels count non available' message from aplay, then the format doesn't match. Pulseaudiosits on top of ALSA and, in theory, adds some sort of value. I'm guessing that a long time ago, ALSA didn't offer support for multiple applications accessing a soundcard at the same time (multiplexing). Pulseaudio does this. However, ALSA has since added multiplexing, and pulseaudio seems rather useless to me. So, for our purposes, pulseaudio is simply something that gets in our way.The various troubleshooting sections will point out when pulseaudio may be getting in the way.
They will then suggest checking out the section for various ways to get rid of it. Fluidsynthis a software synthesizer or 'softsynth'. It can convert MIDI data into sound by using a 'soundfont'.
On an apt-based distro (Debian, Ubuntu, Mint.), you can do the following to get fluidsynth and a soundfont (fluid-soundfont-gm) installed:$ sudo apt-get install fluidsynth$ sudo apt-get install fluid-soundfont-gmOther distros should have similar packages available. To play a MIDI file called 'song.mid':$ fluidsynth -audio-driver=alsa -o audio.alsa.device=hw:0 /usr/share/sounds/sf2/FluidR3GM.sf2 song.midFor testing, there are many sites with free midi files to download. Or search on 'midi files'.To stop fluidsynth, type 'quit' at its ' prompt. We'll need to stop fluidsynth for the next section. Fluidsynth Troubleshooting'audio device is used by another application' - Someone else (like pulseaudio) is using the soundcard.
See.Instead of having fluidsynth play a MIDI file, we can also have fluidsynth make music from MIDI data that comes from other programs. To test this, we'll use the program aplaymidi which is part of the 'alsa-utils' package. In apt-based distros:$ sudo apt-get install alsa-utilsNow we'll run fluidsynth as a server.
This means that it will run and wait for other programs to connect to it and send it MIDI data.$ fluidsynth -server -audio-driver=alsa -o audio.alsa.device=hw:0 /usr/share/sounds/sf2/FluidR3GM.sf2You'll want to leave that running and bring up another terminal window. There you can use aplaymidi to find out what port number fluidsynth is waiting on:$ aplaymidi -lHere's what mine shows:Port Client name Port name14:0 Midi Through Midi Through Port-0128:0 FLUID Synth (2825) Synth input port (2825:0)Note that fluidsynth is on port 128:0. We'll need to use that to let aplaymidi know where to send MIDI data:$ aplaymidi -p 128:0 song.midTo stop fluidsynth, type 'quit' at its ' prompt. We'll need to stop fluidsynth for the next section.
JACKUp to this point, we've seen how to do audio work with the ALSA drivers directly. However, for serious work, is a better choice since it offers low-latency and the ability to synchronize multiple audio sources. You can think of JACK as an improved pulseaudio. JACK is (as the marketing types might say) 'designed to meet the demanding needs of audio professionals.' Before we get started with JACK, be sure to close any audio applications you've been using.There are two versions of JACK: JACK1 and JACK2. I've had better luck in the past with JACK2, so I tend to use it. If you didn't already install JACK2 back in the 'Audio Group' section, install it now.$ sudo apt-get install jackd2To run the JACK Daemon (jackd):$ jackd -d alsa -device hw:0 -rate 44100 -period 128The defaults for JACK are -rate 48000 and -period 1024.
FluidSynth uses a sample rate of 44100, so going with 44100 reduces the amount of work that needs to be done. Setting the period to 128 frames (3msec) reduces latency to something much more suitable for music-making. The default value of 1024 is 23.2 milliseconds, which is a very noticeable delay. JACK TroubleshootingALSA Device Names - If you give JACK the wrong ALSA device name, you will get an 'ALSA: Cannot open PCM device alsapcm for playback. Falling back to capture-only mode' error from JACK.
See above.The playback device 'hw:0' is already in use. If you get an error message like:ATTENTION: The playback device 'hw:0' is already in use. The followingapplications are using your soundcard(s) so you should check them and stopthem as necessary before trying to start JACK again:pulseaudio (process ID 1653).then pulseaudio isn't getting out of JACK's way. Failed to acquire device name' - If you get an error message like:Failed to acquire device name: Audio0error: Method 'RequestRelease' with signature 'i' on interface 'org.freedesktop.ReserveDevice1' doesn't existAudio device hw:0 cannot be acquired.Cannot initialize driver.then JACK and pulseaudio are having a bit of a disagreement over who should get the soundcard. Testing JACK AudioWe can use jack-play to make sure JACK audio is working. It's part of the jack-tools package in Debian-based distros:$ sudo apt-get install jack-toolsWe'll use sox to create a WAV file for testing.$ sox -b 16 -n test.wav rate 44100 channels 2 synth 1 sine 440 gain -1Next, we need to tell jack-play what JACK port to connect to.
This is done via the JACKPLAYCONNECTTO environment variable.$ export JACKPLAYCONNECTTO=system:playback%dThe '%d' is expanded to the channel number while connecting. So, with a stereo WAV file and the above value, jack-play will connect to system:playback1 and system:playback2.Finally, we can test JACK with jack-play:$ jack-play test.wavNote: In older versions, jack-play was called jack.play, so if the above doesn't work, try a dot instead of a hyphen. FluidSynth and JACKTo run fluidsynth with JACK, bring up another terminal, and:$ fluidsynth -server -audio-driver=jack -connect-jack-outputs /usr/share/sounds/sf2/FluidR3GM.sf2And finally, to test, bring up another terminal and use aplaymidi to send a MIDI file to fluidsynth's port.
Be sure to check which port fluidsynth is on, as it can change. See above.To bring everything down, first stop fluidsynth by entering the 'quit' command at fluidsynth's ' prompt. Then switch to the terminal that is running JACK and hit Ctrl-C. Worst-case, you can use killall to stop JACK:$ killall jackdImportant Note! JACK takes over the soundcard on your computer. This means that your usual audio and video players will be broken while JACK is running. This includes rhythmbox, amarok, vlc, Adobe flash, etc.
I oftentimes find myself wondering why youtube videos aren't working. Then I remember that I left JACK running. So, if your normal audio and video players aren't working, try 'killall jackd'.Since most Linux music-making applications depend on JACK, and JACK's defaults are not suitable for music-making, we need to set up a.jackdrc file. The.jackdrc file lives in your home directory and it contains the command line that programs should use to start JACK if it isn't already running. Here's what mine contains:/usr/bin/jackd -d alsa -device hw:0 -rate 44100 -period 128The only difference between this and what we did at the command line is the full pathname to jackd, /usr/bin/jackd. Make sure you set up a.jackdrc file before continuing.Note: qjackctl (the JACK GUI) will clobber your.jackdrc file without warning. If you find.jackdrc useful, you should keep a backup of it and avoid qjackctl.
Audio ScriptWe can pull all of the above together into a script for starting JACK and FluidSynth:#!/bin/bash# Script to launch audio servers for music-making.case $1 instart )echo Starting JACK.# Start JACK# As of Ubuntu 12.10, a period of 128 is needed for good fluidsynth# timing.